id,value,what_it_measures,sample,method,source_org,year,live_url,tier,self_reported_or_independent,outcome_level,verification
1,Tick Project forest nymphs: 53% fewer questing nymphs with active TCS bait boxes vs placebo,"Ticks (host-seeking nymph abundance, forest habitat)","24 neighborhoods, Dutchess County NY","Randomized, placebo-controlled, masked, fully crossed",CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases (Keesing et al.),2022,https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/5/21-1146_article,1,INDEPENDENT,tick,Full text fetched
2,Tick Project shrub/garden nymphs: 40% fewer questing nymphs with active TCS bait boxes vs placebo,"Ticks (nymph abundance, shrub/garden habitat)","24 neighborhoods, Dutchess County NY","Randomized, placebo-controlled, masked, fully crossed",CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases (Keesing et al.),2022,https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/5/21-1146_article,1,INDEPENDENT,tick,Full text fetched
3,Tick Project Met52 ticks: No significant reduction in tick numbers from Met52 fungal spray,Ticks (nymph abundance),"24 neighborhoods, Dutchess County NY","Randomized, placebo-controlled, masked",Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies project summary; VBZ 2023 paper,2023,https://www.caryinstitute.org/science/tick-project,2,INDEPENDENT,tick,Cary page fetched; VBZ abstract via Europe PMC
4,"Tick Project design: 24 neighborhoods, 2,384 people, 849 outdoor pets, 2017-2020",Study size,"2,384 people and 849 pets","Neighborhood-level randomization, 4 years of data",CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases (Keesing et al.),2022,https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/5/21-1146_article,1,INDEPENDENT,design,Full text fetched
5,"Tick Project tick encounters: About 20% fewer human tick encounters in neighborhoods with both treatments, not statistically significant","Human tick encounters (1,664 reported)","2,384 people","Participant-reported encounters, masked design",CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases (Keesing et al.),2022,https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/5/21-1146_article,1,INDEPENDENT (participant-reported outcome),encounter,Full text fetched
6,"Tick Project human disease: No significant effect on human tick-borne disease cases; 130 reports total, 52 checked with medical records, 35 (67%) confirmed",Human tick-borne disease incidence,"2,384 people",Participant-reported cases with medical record follow-up,CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases (Keesing et al.),2022,https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/5/21-1146_article,1,INDEPENDENT (participant-reported outcome),disease,Full text fetched
7,"Tick Project pet disease: About 50% lower tick-borne disease incidence in pets on treated properties, statistically significant (77 pet cases)",Pet tick-borne disease incidence,849 outdoor pets,Owner-reported cases,CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases (Keesing et al.); Cary Institute,2022,https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/5/21-1146_article,1,INDEPENDENT (owner-reported outcome),disease-pets,Full text fetched; Cary page fetched
8,Tick Project participation: 34% of properties enrolled per neighborhood (range 24% to 44%),Household participation rate,24 neighborhoods,Enrollment records,CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases (Keesing et al.),2022,https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/5/21-1146_article,1,INDEPENDENT,design,Full text fetched
9,Tick Project masking: 86% of 507 survey respondents did not know their neighborhood's treatment assignment,Blinding quality,507 respondents (58% of 874 households),Post-study survey,CDC Emerging Infectious Diseases (Keesing et al.),2022,https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/5/21-1146_article,1,INDEPENDENT,design,Full text fetched
10,"Tick Project over time: No compounding benefit over 4 to 5 years: TCS did not reduce tick populations over time in forest, lawn or shrub/garden; no effect on encounters or human cases",Change in effect across years,24 neighborhoods,"Randomized, placebo-controlled, multiyear",Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (Ostfeld et al.),2023,https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9993163/,1,INDEPENDENT,tick/encounter/disease,Abstract via Europe PMC
11,"Tick Project untreated variation: In 6 placebo neighborhoods, tick abundance had no effect on human encounters or on human or pet disease cases; hot spots at about 1-hectare scale","Natural variation, no treatment","6 placebo neighborhoods, 4 years",Observational within randomized trial,PLOS ONE (Keesing et al.),2023,https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0293820,1,INDEPENDENT,tick/encounter/disease,Abstract via Europe PMC
12,Tick Project synthesis: Strongly reduced tick abundance but weak or undetectable epidemiological response; authors point to human behavior,Ecology vs epidemiology discordance,Synthesis of the trial plus comparable literature,Narrative synthesis,Transboundary and Emerging Diseases (Ostfeld and Keesing),2026,https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/tbed/4940832,1,INDEPENDENT,synthesis,Abstract via Europe PMC
13,"Randomized barrier spray trial: 63% lower questing tick abundance on bifenthrin-treated properties; no difference in tick encounters, self-reported or medically validated tick-borne disease","Ticks, encounters, disease","2,727 households in 3 states (CT, MD, NY), 2 years","Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled; single spring bifenthrin barrier application",CDC and state health departments (Hinckley et al.),2016,https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/214/2/182/2572107,1,INDEPENDENT,tick/encounter/disease,OUP page fetched
14,"Randomized rodent bait box trial: No significant differences post-intervention in tick density, pathogen infection, tick encounters or tick-borne disease with fipronil bait boxes","Ticks, encounters, disease","622 Connecticut households, 2012-2016","Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled; 2 consecutive years",CDC TickNET collaborators (Hinckley et al.),2021,https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10898493/,1,INDEPENDENT,tick/encounter/disease,Abstract via Europe PMC
15,"Bifenthrin nymph control: 86% and 87% control of nymphs in two years (1999, 2000) on residential sites",Tick abundance only,"Residential sites, Old Lyme CT",Field trial vs untreated comparison,Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (Stafford and Allan),2010,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21175060,1,INDEPENDENT,tick,Abstract via Europe PMC
16,Met52 residential control: 55.6% fewer nymphs on lawns and 84.6% fewer in woodland plots,Tick abundance only,"9 residential sites, Westport and Weston CT, 2002",Field trial vs untreated comparison,Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (Stafford and Allan),2010,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21175060,1,INDEPENDENT,tick,Abstract via Europe PMC
17,"Beauveria bassiana control: 74.5% to 83.0% nymph control on lawns in 1999, falling to 38.0% and 58.7% in 2000",Tick abundance only,"Residential sites, Old Lyme CT",Field trial,Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (Stafford and Allan),2010,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21175060,1,INDEPENDENT,tick,Abstract via Europe PMC
18,Chemical control synthesis: 93.8% mean suppression of questing nymphs for chemical methods across the 25 studies in the synthesis,Tick abundance only,127 studies (1977-2024); 25 in multi-study synthesis,PRISMA systematic review,BMC Infectious Diseases (Ost et al.),2025,https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12224580/,1,INDEPENDENT,tick,Abstract via Europe PMC
19,"Commercial technician treatment: 80% to 90% fewer nymphs in the treated zone next to woods, lasting 4 weeks",Tick abundance only,Eau Claire WI: 65 families (2023) and 84 houses (2024) as described by the source,Field study as summarized by extension page,University of Wisconsin-Madison Russell Labs,2024,https://wisconsin-ticks.russell.wisc.edu/yard-treatments/,2,INDEPENDENT,tick,Extension page fetched; primary study not located
20,Human outcome evidence gap: Evidence for acaricide effect on human tick bites or tick-borne disease is lacking; homeowner and company application performance vs research not established,Evidence gap statement,Review of US tick management literature,Narrative review,Journal of Medical Entomology (Eisen and Stafford),2021,https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8056842/,1,INDEPENDENT,synthesis,Abstract via Europe PMC
21,"Randomized studies vs others: Studies with randomization, placebo controls and masking generally find lower efficacy; the few with human outcomes show no impact of acaricides",Study-design effect on efficacy,Compiled northeastern North America literature,Literature compilation,Pathogens (Ostfeld and Keesing),2023,https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10221945/,1,INDEPENDENT,synthesis,Abstract via Europe PMC
22,"Deer reduction, Mumford Cove: Deer density cut to 5.1 per sq km: 76% fewer ticks, 70% lower entomological risk index, 80% fewer resident-reported Lyme cases",Ticks and human cases,"One Connecticut community, 1995-2008, 90% to 98% of residents surveyed","Before/after community study, not randomized",Journal of Medical Entomology (Kilpatrick et al.),2014,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25118409/,1,INDEPENDENT,tick/disease,Abstract via Europe PMC
23,"Deer removal, Monhegan Island: 13% of year-round residents had contracted Lyme by 1996; after deer removal (1996-1999), adult ticks fell to 0.67 per hour by fall 2003",Ticks on an isolated island,"237-ha island, Maine",Before/after monitoring,Journal of Medical Entomology (Rand et al.),2004,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15311475/,1,INDEPENDENT,tick,Abstract via Europe PMC
24,Deer culling review: Insufficient evidence to recommend deer reduction as Lyme prevention except in specific ecologic circumstances,Human disease evidence,Review of available studies,Narrative review,Zoonoses and Public Health (Kugeler et al.),2016,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26684932/,1,INDEPENDENT,synthesis,Abstract via Europe PMC
25,"Deer fence: Larvae, nymphs and adults reduced 100%, 85% and 74% within 300 feet inside an electric deer fence",Tick abundance only,Fenced area (per fact sheet),Summarized field results,Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (Stafford),2014,https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/CAES/DOCUMENTS/Publications/Fact_Sheets/Entomology/TickControlFSpdf.pdf,2,INDEPENDENT,tick,Fact sheet PDF parsed
26,Lawn edge ticks: 82% of lawn deer ticks recovered within 9 feet of the lawn edge,Tick location,Lawn studies cited by fact sheet,Summarized field results,Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (Stafford),2014,https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/CAES/DOCUMENTS/Publications/Fact_Sheets/Entomology/TickControlFSpdf.pdf,2,INDEPENDENT,tick,Fact sheet PDF parsed
27,"Personal protection, case-control: Checking for ticks within 36 hours (OR 0.55), bathing within 2 hours (OR 0.42) and any yard fencing (OR 0.54) were protective against Lyme disease",Human Lyme disease risk factors,"364 cases and 349 matched controls, 24 CT communities, 2005-2007","Matched case-control, conditional logistic regression",American Journal of Preventive Medicine (Connally et al.),2009,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19595558/,1,INDEPENDENT,disease,Abstract via Europe PMC
28,"Cost per household: Single-method tick control: $132 (forest edge broadcast, high-end estimate) to more than $2,000 per year (bait boxes on all habitat); integrated programs $508 to $3,192",Annual cost,Model community of 320 residential properties and parkland,Cost modeling,Journal of Medical Entomology (Schulze et al.),2023,https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10862372/,1,INDEPENDENT,cost,Abstract via Europe PMC
29,Willingness to pay: People in Lyme-endemic areas say they will pay no more than $100 to $150 per year,Stated willingness to pay,As cited by the cost paper,Literature cited,Journal of Medical Entomology (Schulze et al.),2023,https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10862372/,1,INDEPENDENT,cost,Abstract via Europe PMC
30,CDC yard pesticide guidance: Pesticides can reduce ticks in treated areas but people should not rely on spraying to reduce infection risk; 3-ft wood chip or gravel barrier; 0.5% permethrin on clothing,Public health guidance,"Guidance page reviewed Aug 28, 2024",Agency guidance,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,2024,https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/prevention/index.html,1,INDEPENDENT,guidance,Page fetched
31,"Reported Lyme cases, US: More than 80,000 Lyme cases reported to CDC each year",Reported cases,United States,Passive surveillance,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,2026,https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/data-research/facts-stats/index.html,1,INDEPENDENT,burden,Page fetched
32,"Estimated Lyme diagnoses, US: About 476,000 people diagnosed and treated for Lyme disease per year, 2010-2018",Estimated diagnoses,Commercial insurance claims,Claims-based estimate,CDC EID (Kugeler et al.),2021,https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7853543/,1,INDEPENDENT,burden,Abstract via Europe PMC
33,"Westchester Lyme cases: 1,311 reported Lyme disease cases in Westchester County in 2023",Reported cases,"Westchester County, 2023",Laboratory-based surveillance (probable cases),Westchester County Department of Health (NYSDOH data),2024,https://health.westchestercountyny.gov/images/archive/stories/Data-Stats/Databrief_202406_-_vector_borne_diseases_20240913.pdf,1,INDEPENDENT,burden,PDF downloaded and parsed
34,"Westchester other tick diseases: 124 babesiosis, 61 anaplasmosis and 9 ehrlichiosis cases in 2023",Reported cases,"Westchester County, 2023",Surveillance,Westchester County Department of Health (NYSDOH data),2024,https://health.westchestercountyny.gov/images/archive/stories/Data-Stats/Databrief_202406_-_vector_borne_diseases_20240913.pdf,1,INDEPENDENT,burden,PDF downloaded and parsed
35,Application timing: Optimum window for nymph control is mid-May to early June; a fall application may be used for adult ticks,Treatment timing guidance,Connecticut extension guidance,Expert guidance,Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (Stafford),2014,https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/CAES/DOCUMENTS/Publications/Fact_Sheets/Entomology/TickControlFSpdf.pdf,2,INDEPENDENT,guidance,Fact sheet PDF parsed
36,Botanical product duration: Rosemary/peppermint oil and garlic juice products suppressed ticks for 2 to 3 weeks in limited tests,Duration of botanical (25b) products,Limited tests cited by fact sheet,Summarized field results,Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (Stafford),2014,https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/CAES/DOCUMENTS/Publications/Fact_Sheets/Entomology/TickControlFSpdf.pdf,2,INDEPENDENT,tick,Fact sheet PDF parsed
37,Lyme attachment time: Bacterium usually needs 36 to 48 hours of attachment before transmission (Westchester brief wording),Transmission timing,Public health guidance,Agency summary,Westchester County Department of Health,2024,https://health.westchestercountyny.gov/images/archive/stories/Data-Stats/Databrief_202406_-_vector_borne_diseases_20240913.pdf,2,INDEPENDENT,guidance,PDF downloaded and parsed
38,"DERIVED randomized-trial scorecard: Across 3 randomized placebo-controlled trials with human outcomes, 0 found a significant human disease reduction; the significant tick reductions in them (63, 53, 40) have a median of 53%; combined sample is 3,349 households plus 2,384 people",Original cross-study comparison by Pristine Pest,"Hinckley 2016 (2,727 households), Hinckley 2021 (622 households), Keesing 2022 (2,384 people)","Median of {63,53,40}=53; count of trials with significant human-disease effect; 2,727+622=3,349",Pristine Pest calculation from rows above,2026,https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/5/21-1146_article,1,INDEPENDENT,derived,Computed from verified rows